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"Caroline Walker Bynum in her recent book Mothers of the Self-Governed States argues convincingly that the rise of the avian flocks was an important element in the progress of shamanistic cultural forms towards a society that was organized by ‘professional’ women. This inherently involved a change of gender roles and required new skills and a new consciousness. Another aspect of the radical changes in self-consciousness was the organization and transmission of inherited lore. By the end of the Viking Age we are seeing the establishment of two principal areas in which literate women consciously entered into the history of previous generations and transmitted knowledge”. On the other hand, the nature of much of the early literature - for example, in early Irish and in the Welsh epics and genealogies - is not easy to date and, indeed, Bynum has argued that much of it is “apocryphal”. Hence, it is possible that certain features of the transition to a literate society may have been present in the raw, i.e. when oral traditions were transcribed. But these features were collected in the later period of literary production. Here I would only like to add that in the Post-Roman West the emergence of female leaders and self-consciousness was accompanied by a switch in the gender of the text, which could be seen as a second step in this transition.” d2c66b5586